Circulation+&+Homeostasis




 * __Maxwell - General__**
 * circulatory system serves to moves blood to a site or sites where it can be oxygenated, and where wastes can be disposed
 * Circulation brings newly oxygenated blood to the tissues of the body, as oxygen and other chemicals diffuse out of the blood cells and into the fluid surrounding the cells of the body's tissues
 * waste produces diffuse into the blood cells to be carried away
 * Blood circulates through organs such as the liver and kidneys where wastes are removed
 * then sent back to the lungs for oxygen
 * repeated
 * necessary for continued life of the cells, tissues and even of the whole organisms
 * Many invertebrates do not have a circulatory system at all, cells are close enough to their environment for oxygen, other gases, nutrients, and waste products to simply diffuse out of and into their cells
 * animals with multiple layers of cells, especially land animals, this will not work, as their cells are too far from the external environment for simple osmosis and diffusion to function quickly enough in exchanging cellular wastes and needed material with the environment

How does the circulatory maintain homeostasis?
 * Oxygen is utilized during cellular respiration, a process that provides energy for metabolic activities. Fighting infection keeps the body intact and prevents it from succumbing to disease caused by viruses and bacteria. Clotting of blood when a vessel has been cut prevents the loss of this vital fluid.
 * transports vital proteins like hormones and enzymes, as well as necessary nutrients to maintain healthy cells

The circulatory depends on other life processes such as the digestive system (digestive system breaks down foods and takes out needed nutrients) These nutrients are put into the blood stream for the cells to use as energy. So the circulatory depends on the digestive system to break down the nutrients that are transported throughout the body in the blood. The respiratory system is how oxygen is brought into the body. It enters through the lungs into the alveoli. The circulatory process depends on this system to garner the oxygen necessary for cell growth. The endocrine system is where hormones are produces. Hormones and other chemicals produced by these glands use the circulatory system to travel to needed parts of the body. These hormones provide crucial functions that maintain the bodies upkeep of certain functions.

Do not have a circulatory system. In direct contact with their environment, most unicellular organisms diffuse gases across the cell membrane. Do not require the transport of nutrients. Some unicellular organisms engulf other cells for nutrients or absorb organic molecules. Example: bacteria
 * __Madison- General__**
 * 3**. **__Unicellular__**

Vascular plants- Xylem transports water and minerals from the roots to other parts of the plant. Roots absorb minerals from soil through root hairs, minerals move to the xylem. Water surrounding xylem moves into xylem through osmosis. Movement of water through osmosis causes root pressure that's pushes xylem sap up through the stem. Water adhesion clings to surfaces of the stem water cohesion causes water molecules to group together. Transpiration pull moves water clinging to xylem up through the plant. Phloem transports sugars to other parts of the plant through sieve tubes. Pressure Flow Theory states that sugars are moved into phloem sieve tubes through active transport into hypertonic solution. Water moves into phloem by osmosis creating pressure to move sugars down the phloem. Sugar and water exit the phloem at the root creating lower pressure in root phloem.
 * __Plants__**

Example: flowers Non-Vascular Plants- Plants such as Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, hornworts) have no vascular tissue. Water moves through osmosis and capillary action into each cell. Plants are small because cells that perform photosynthesis must be near the water source. Each of these plant cells manufacture their own sugars and do not rely on the movement of nutrients.

Example: moss

Most invertebrates have open circulatory systems. This means fluids are pumped into an interconnected system of cavities (sinuses) where it reaches the cells directly. The fluid called hemolymph moves out of the blood vessels through the sinuses by the pumping of one or more hearts. An open circulatory system maintains a low blood pressure. This low pressure helps certain organisms have a low metabolic rate or keeping the body cool.
 * __Invertebrates__**

Exampe: Lobster or a bumblebee

**4.** Fish have adapted to have only a two chambered heart consisting of one atrium and one ventricle. Gill circulation occurs when the atrium receives blood from the body and the ventricle pumps blood to the gills where gas exchange occurs and the body receives oxygenated blood. This is called systemic circulation meaning that the blood flows directly from the heart to the gills and then to the rest of the body. This is advantageous to the organism because it receives blood quickly.

Amphibians and most reptiles both have three chambered hearts consisting of two atria and one ventricle. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lung while the right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body. Both atria pump the blood into the same ventricle where the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix. This is a significant advantage for these organisms. In frogs, they breathe air using their lungs on land and they breathe through their skin using capillaries near the skin under water. When breathing through their lungs, ideally the blood entering the lungs to have CO2, so that it can be diffused out and O2 can be diffused in. When breathing through their skin, ideally the blood in the body has some CO2 so that it can be released through the skin, and O2 can be absorbed. In order to enable the frog to have CO2 in the blood in both the capillaries and lungs, it mixes the blood so that whether it's breathing through its lungs or its skin, it can manage either method passably.

In other reptiles (the crocodile), the hearts are initially the same however the ventricle is separated by a septum with a hole. The walls between chambers are incomplete, so oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix, but this is minimized by the timing of contractions, or heart beats. Deoxygenated blood enters through the right atrium, and oxygenated blood enters through the left atrium, and both move into the cona. This can cause areas of the body to receive deoxygenated blood instead of the blood with oxygen that they need.

http://fc.smcdsb.on.ca/~rszerminski/bio11-nelson-2011-new/bio11_c11_11_1.pdf https://whssbiozone.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/plant-circulation.pdf https://www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-circulatory-system-40/overview-of-the-circulatory-system-224/circulatory-system-variation-in-animals-845-12090/ http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?c=16+2160&aid=2951 __**Body **** Tissues: **__ Diseases: > >  Atherosclerosis- the hardening of the fat stuff
 * __Katie-Mammals__**
 * __Lungs:__**
 * The lungs are a pair of elastic, spongy organs used in breathing
 * The air enters the body through the nostrils or the mouth. It travels down the throat to the windpipe. Inside the chest cavity the windpipe divides into two branches, called the **right and left bronchial tubes** that enter the lungs. The large bronchial tubes branch into ever smaller tubes, called **bronchioles**. These in turn divide into even narrower tubes. Each small tube ends in clusters of thin-walled air sacs, called **alveoli**. It is the alveoli that receive the oxygen and pass it on to the blood.
 * The alveoli are surrounded by tiny blood vessels, called capillaries. The alveoli and capillaries both have very thin walls, which allow the oxygen to pass from the alveoli to the blood. The capillaries then connect to larger blood vessels, called veins, which bring the oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. The largest veins that do this work are called the **pulmonary veins**, and they connect directly to the heart.
 * The lungs have to work continuously because the body cells are constantly using up oxygen and producing carbon dioxide. Unlike the heart, the lungs have no muscle tissue. Instead, muscles in the rib cage and the diaphragm do all the work of lifting the ribs upward and outward to let the air in, and then relaxing to force the air out.
 * blood passes through the kidneys. This phase of systemic circulation is known as renal circulation. During this phase, the kidneys filter much of the waste from the blood.
 * Blood also passes through the small intestine during systemic circulation. This phase is known as portal circulation. During this phase, the blood from the small intestine collects in the portal vein which passes through the liver. The liver filters sugars from the blood, storing them for later.
 * It carries [|oxygen] and nutrients to the [|cells] and picks up [|carbon dioxide] and waste products.
 * ** lymphatic system ****,** a subsystem of the [|circulatory system] in the vertebrate body that consists of a complex network of vessels, tissues, and organs. The lymphatic system helps maintain [|fluid balance] in the body by collecting excess fluid and particulate matter from tissues and depositing them in the bloodstream. It also helps defend the body against infection by supplying disease-fighting cells called [|lymphocytes]. This article focuses on the human lymphatic system.
 * The lymphatic system can be thought of as a drainage system needed because, as [|blood] circulates through the body, blood plasma leaks into tissues through the thin walls of the capillaries. The portion of blood plasma that escapes is called [|interstitial] or [|extracellular fluid], and it contains oxygen, glucose, amino acids, and other nutrients needed by [|tissue] cells. Although most of this fluid seeps immediately back into the bloodstream, a percentage of it, along with the particulate matter, is left behind.
 * Primary lymphoid organs include the [|thymus], bone marrow, fetal [|liver],
 * Arrhythmia/dysrhythmia**- Abnormal heart rates and rhythms
 * **  the heart is out of its normal rhythm.
 * Causes:
 * Heart disease, The wrong balance of electrolytes (such as sodium) in your blood, Changes in your heart muscle, Injury from a heart attack, Healing process after heart surgery.
 * Symptoms:
 * Palpitations (a feeling of skipped heart beats, fluttering or "flip-flops"), Pounding in your chest, Dizziness or feeling light-headed, Fainting, Shortness of breath, Chest pain or tightness, Weakness or fatigue (feeling very tired)
 * <span style="background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0); text-decoration: inherit;">Treatment: Some people with arrhythmias don't need treatment. Others may need medication, making lifestyle changes, and surgery.
 * <span style="background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);"> Fat lines the the blood vessels and then harden
 * <span style="background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);"> Causes: atherosclerosis begins with damage to the endothelium caused by high blood pressure, smoking, or high cholesterol. That damage leads to the formation of plaque. A bump/ ball of plaque builds up and creates a blockage.
 * <span style="background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0); text-decoration: inherit;">Symptoms: your heart at risk but you are also at risk for stroke and other kinds of health problems. usually causes no symptoms until middle or older age. But as narrowings become severe, they choke off blood flow and can cause pain. Blockages can also suddenly rupture, causing blood to clot inside an artery at the site of the rupture.
 * <span style="background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0); text-decoration: inherit;">Treatment: Once a blockage has developed, it's generally there to stay. With medication and lifestyle changes, though, plaques may slow or stop growing. They may even shrink slightly with aggressive treatment.

The [|blood vessels] (arteries, veins, and capillaries) are responsible for the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the tissue. Oxygen-rich blood enters the blood vessels through the heart's main artery called the aorta. The forceful contraction of the heart's left ventricle forces the blood into the aorta which then branches into many smaller arteries which run throughout the body.
 * __Otmar- Heart Diagram, Components of Blood and roles in mammalian physiology :)__**

http://www.livescience.com/34655-human-heart.html


 * Blood:**

There are four main parts of blood >
 * Arteries
 * An efferent blood vessel from the heart, conveying blood away from the heart regardless of oxygenation status; see pulmonary artery.
 * Veins
 * Veins are elastic vessels that transport blood to the heart. Veins can be categorized into four main types: pulmonary, systemic, superficial, and deep veins.
 * Capilaries
 * Capillaries are extremely small vessels located within the tissues of the body that transport blood from the arteries to the veins. Fluid exchange between capillaries and body tissues takes place at capillary beds.
 * Sinusoids
 * Sinusoids are extremely small vessels located within the liver, spleen, and bone marrow.
 * **Blood** is a bodily fluid in animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.[|[][|1][|]] When it reaches the lungs, gas exchange occurs when carbon dioxide is diffused out of the blood into the pulmonary alveoli and oxygen is diffused into the blood. This oxygenated blood is pumped to the left hand side of the heart in the pulmonary vein and enters the left atrium. From here it passes through the mitral valve, through the ventricle and taken all around the body by the aorta. Blood contains antibodies, nutrients, oxygen and much more to help the body work.
 * Today, medical terms related to blood often begin with hemo- or hemato-
 * In vertebrates, the various cells of blood are made in the bone marrow in a process called hematopoiesis, which includes erythropoiesis, the production of red blood cells; and myelopoiesis, the production of white blood cells and platelets. During childhood, almost every human bone produces red blood cells; as adults, red blood cell production is limited to the larger bones: the bodies of the vertebrae, the breastbone (sternum), the ribcage, the pelvic bones, and the bones of the upper arms and legs. The clotting products are mostly produced within the liver.
 * About 98.5% of the oxygen in a sample of arterial blood in a healthy human breathing air at sea-level pressure is chemically combined with the Hgb. About 1.5% is physically dissolved in the other blood liquids and not connected to Hgb. The hemoglobin molecule is the primary transporter of oxygen in mammals and many other species
 * Under normal conditions in adult humans at rest; hemoglobin in blood leaving the lungs is about 98–99% saturated with oxygen, achieving an //oxygen delivery// of between 950 and 1150 ml/min to the body. In a healthy adult at rest, //oxygen consumption// is approximately 200 - 250 ml/min, and //deoxygenated// blood returning to the lungs is still approximately 75% (70 to 78%) saturated. Increased oxygen consumption during sustained exercise reduces the oxygen saturation of venous blood, which can reach less than 15% in a trained athlete; although breathing rate and blood flow increase to compensate, oxygen saturation in arterial blood can drop to 95% or less under these conditions. Oxygen saturation this low is considered dangerous in an individual at rest (for instance, during surgery under anesthesia). Sustained hypoxia (oxygenation of less than 90%), is dangerous to health, and severe hypoxia (saturations of less than 30%) may be rapidly fatal.

A few systems that the muscular system depends on are as follows:
 * __Aubrey-Dependence and feedback:__**
 * __Muscular System-__ If the muscular system is healthy and active then so is the circulatory system. To keep muscles strong and healthy and to keep your muscular system functioning properly, the organism needs to keep active. If the organism doesn't keep up with arobic activity, the heart will grow weak and shrink. When the heart becomes weak because of a weak muscular system, the heart muscle does not contract and expand as efficienty. When this happens, blood cannot be distributed throughout the body.
 * __Nervous System-__ Blood pressure and heart rate regulation are very important to maintain and the nervouse system helps do exactly that. A nerve call the vagus nerve, controls the pumping of the heart. Receptors will receive and pass information about the blood pressure to the brain so so the brain can make adjustments to the pumping of the heart. The spinal cord delivers the messages from the brain to the rest of the body and the medulla, located near the brain stem, controls involuntary muscle movements of the heart (heartbeat).
 * __Skeletal System-__ The circulatory system depends on the skeletal system because the ribs protect the heart. It the heart had no protection and it was exposed, outside pressures could harm the heart in a way that can be fatal to organisms. Also, the bone marrow produces red blood cells which is what the circulatory system sends around the body.

__Feedback Loops:__ An example of a feedback loop that involves the circulatory system is the increase in blood pressure. When blood pressure increases, receptors in the carotid arteries detect the change in blood pressure and will send a message to the brain (this is were the relationship between the nervous system and the circulatory system is extremely important). The brain will the cause the heart to beat slower in order to decrease blood pressure and return to normal. Any change to the circulatory system that destroys or cuts off the connection from the heart to the brain can be fatel to any organism. If there is nothing there to tell the heart that the blood pressure is too high then the heart will continue to pump blood. This feedback loop is a negative feedback loop. A negative feedback loop is when a bodily reaction causes a decrease in a function. In this case, the heart pumping is the function that is decreased in order to return to an appropriate blood level.

Terms to know
[|Aorta] The largest artery in the body. It carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to vessels that reach the rest of the body. [|Atria] The chambers of the heart, to which the blood returns from the circulation. [|Capillaries] The smallest of the body's blood vessels. Oxygen and glucose pass through capillary walls and enter the cells. Waste products such as carbon dioxide pass back from the cells into the blood through capillaries. [|Cardiac Valves (Heart Valves)] Any of the four heart valves that regulate the flow of blood through the chambers of the heart. [|Deoxygenated Blood] Oxygen-poor blood. [|Heart] The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood. [|Heart Ventricles] The lower right and left chambers of the heart. [|Interventricular Septum] Interventricular septum is the stout wall separating the lower chambers (the ventricles) of the heart from one another. [|Lungs] One of a pair of organs in the chest that supplies the body with oxygen, and removes carbon dioxide from the body. [|Myocardium] The muscular substance of the heart; the middle of the three layers forming the outer wall of the human heart. [|Oxygenated Blood] Oxygen-rich blood. [|Pulmonary Artery] The pulmonary artery and its branches deliver blood rich in carbon dioxide (and lacking in oxygen) to the capillaries that surround the air sacs. [|Pulmonary Circulation] The circulation of the blood through the lungs. [|Pulmonary Veins] The veins that return the oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. [|Superior Vena Cava] The large vein that carries blood from the head, neck, arms, and chest to the heart [|Vena Cava] A large vein which returns blood from the head, neck and extremities to the heart. Bailey, Regina. "Circulatory System." Web. 30 Mar. 2015. <http://biology.about.com/od/organsystems/a/circulatorysystem.htm>.
 * __Sources (MLA):__**

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